Energy and Natural Resources

2009

• Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred Bonds
  October 2009  pdf  blog
• The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions
  October 14, 2009  pdf  blog
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions
  September 2009  pdf  blog
• How Regulatory Standards Can Affect a Cap-and-Trade Program for Greenhouse Gases
  September 16, 2009  html  pdf  blog
  Economic and Budget Issue Brief
• The Use of Offsets to Reduce Greenhouse Gases
  August 3, 2009  html  pdf  blog
  Economic and Budget Issue Brief
• The Federal Government's Responsibilities and Liabilities Under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act
  July 16, 2009  pdf  webcast  
  Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• Two Recent Studies of Regional Differences in the Effects of Policies That Would Price Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  July 9, 2009  pdf  blog
  Letter to the Honorable James M. Inhofe
• The Estimated Costs to Households From the Cap-and-Trade Provisions of H.R. 2454
  June 19, 2009  html  pdf  data  blog
  Letter to the Honorable Dave Camp
• Responses to Questions About the Cost of a Cap-and-Trade Program
  June 12, 2009  html  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable John F. Kerry
  Related:
  • The Distribution of Revenues from a Cap-and-Trade Program for CO2 Emissions
    May 7, 2009  html  pdf  webcast  blog
    Testimony before Committee on Finance, United States Senate
• The Distribution of Revenues from a Cap-and-Trade Program for CO2 Emissions
  May 7, 2009  html  pdf  webcast  blog
  Testimony before Committee on Finance, United States Senate
• Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States
  May 2009  html  pdf  blog
• Background Paper: How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions
  April 2009  pdf  blog
  Related:
  • Technical Paper 2003-03: The Economic Costs of Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: A Survey of Economic Models
    May 2003  pdf  
• The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions
  April 2009  html  pdf  blog
• Flexibility in the Timing of Emission Reductions Under a Cap-and-Trade Program
  March 26, 2009  html  pdf  blog
  Testimony before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives
• The Distributional Consequences of a Cap-and-Trade Program for CO2 Emissions
  March 12, 2009  html  pdf  webcast  blog
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives
• Using Pricing to Reduce Traffic Congestion
  March 2009  html  pdf  

2008

• Preparing for Our Common Future: Policy Choices and the Economics of Climate Change
  October 2008  pdf  blog
  CBO Director Peter Orszag's presentation for the Goldman Lecture in Economics, Wellesley College
• Climate-Change Policy and CO2 Emissions from Passenger Vehicles
  October 6, 2008  html  pdf  blog
  Economic and Budget Issue Brief
• Issues in Designing a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  September 18, 2008  html  pdf  blog
  Testimony before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives
• Budgetary Issues Governing the Leasing of Oil and Gas Resources on the Outer Continental Shelf
  September 10, 2008  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable Nick J. Rahall II
• Options for Offsetting the Economic Impact on Low- and Moderate-Income Households of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  June 17, 2008  pdf  blog
  Letter to the Honorable Jeff Bingaman
• Containing the Cost of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  May 20, 2008  html  pdf  webcast  blog
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Nuclear Power's Role in Generating Electricity
  May 2008  html  pdf  data  blog
• Implications of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  April 24, 2008  html  pdf  webcast  blog
  Testimony before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate
• Policy Options for Reducing CO2 Emissions
  February 2008  html  pdf  blog
• Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets
  January 2008  html  pdf  blog

2007

• Issues in Climate Change
  November 2007  pdf  audio  
  Opening statement by CBO Director Peter Orszag at the 2007 Director's Conference on Climate Change
  Related:
  • Near-Term and Long-Term Emissions Reductions: Technology, Coverage, and Costs
    November 2007  pdf  audio  
    Presentation at the 2007 Director's Conference on Climate Change
  • Capping CO2 Emissions: Efficiency and Distributional Issues
    November 2007  pdf  audio  
    Presentation at the 2007 Director's Conference on Climate Change
• Costs of Reprocessing Versus Directly Disposing of Spent Nuclear Fuel
  November 14, 2007  html  pdf  webcast  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Approaches to Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  November 1, 2007  html  pdf  webcast  
  Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on Public Spending on Surface Transportation Infrastructure
  October 25, 2007  html  pdf  webcast  
  Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• The Potential for Carbon Sequestration in the United States
  September 2007  pdf  
• Supplemental Information About Trade-Offs in Allocating Allowances for CO2 Emissions
  July 9, 2007  html  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable Jeff Bingaman
• Authorizing the Rural Utilities Service to Guarantee Construction Loans to Electric Cooperatives
  June 22, 2007  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable David R. Obey
• Value of Properties in the National Flood Insurance Program
  June 2007  html  pdf  
• FASAB's Exposure Draft "Accounting for Federal Oil and Gas Resources": CBO's Alternative View
  May 2007  pdf  
• Trade-Offs in Allocating Allowances for CO2 Emissions
  April 25, 2007  html  pdf  

2006

• Evaluating the Role of Prices and R&D in Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  September 2006  pdf  
• How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water
  August 2006  pdf  
• The Economic Effects of Recent Increases in Energy Prices
  July 2006  pdf  
• China's Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on U.S. Petroleum Markets
  April 2006  pdf  
• Information on How CBO Estimates the Cost of Legislative Proposals Involving Oil and Gas Leases on Federal Land
  March 15, 2006  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable Ron Wyden
• CBO's Comments on the White Paper "Design Elements of a Mandatory Market-Based Greenhouse Gas Regulatory System"
  March 13, 2006  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable Jeff Bingaman

2005

• Testimony on the Macroeconomic and Budgetary Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
  October 6, 2005  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• Review of section 326 of H.R. 6, the Energy Policy Act of 2005, dealing with inventory and analysis of the oil and natural gas resources in the Outer Continental Shelf
  July 26, 2005  html  pdf  
  Letter to the Honorable Elizabeth Dole
• Testimony on CBO's Comments on H.R. 1071, a Bill on Subsidizing New Desalination Facilities
  May 24, 2005  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on Economic Relationships Between the United States and China
  April 14, 2005  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives
• Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps
  March 15, 2005  html  pdf  
• Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications
  January 2005  html  pdf  

2004

• Homeland Security and the Private Sector
  December 2004  html  pdf  
• Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax
  March 9, 2004  html  pdf  

2003

• The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax
  December 2003  html  pdf  
  Related:
  • Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax
    March 9, 2004  html  pdf  
• Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon Emissions
  November 25, 2003  html  pdf  
• Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands
  October 2003  pdf  
• Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation
  September 2003  html  pdf  
• Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade Program
  July 2003  html  pdf  
• Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change
  April 25, 2003  html  pdf  
• The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer
  April 2003  html  pdf  
  Related:
  • Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change
    April 25, 2003  html  pdf  
• The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private Ventures
  February 2003  html  pdf  

2002

• Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options
  November 2002  html  pdf  
• Testimony on Future Investment in Drinking Water Infrastructure
  April 11, 2002  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives

2001

• Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis
  September 2001  html  pdf  
• An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing U.S. Carbon Emissions
  June 2001  html  pdf  
• Testimony on Estimates of Needs for Investment in Drinking Water Infrastructure
  March 28, 2001  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on Estimates of Needs for Investment in Wastewater and Drinking Water Infrastructure
  March 28, 2001  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, U.S. House of Representatives

2000

• Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas
  November 2000  html  pdf  
• Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading?
  June 2000  html  pdf  

1998

• Regulatory Takings and Proposals for Change
  December 1998  html  pdf  
• Electric Utilities: Deregulation and Stranded Costs
  October 1998  html  pdf  
• Estimated Budgetary Effects of Alternatives for Producing Tritium
  August 1998  html  pdf  
• Climate Change and the Federal Budget
  August 1998  html  pdf  
• Factors Affecting The Relative Success of EPA's NO_x Cap-And-Trade Program
  June 1998  html  pdf  

1997

• Should the Federal Government Sell Electricity?
  November 1997  html  pdf  

1996

• Testimony on the Appropriate Use of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  May 8, 1996  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives

1995

• The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Case Study of an Unfunded Federal Mandate
  September 1995  html  pdf  
• Price Increases Under Four Energy Tax Options
  February 1995  html  pdf  

1994

• Rethinking Emergency Energy Policy
  December 1994  html  pdf  
• Waiving Royalties for Producers of Oil and Gas from Deep Waters
  May 1994  html  pdf  
• Cleaning Up the Department of Energy's Nuclear Weapons Complex
  May 1994  html  pdf  
• Testimony on H.R. 3967, the Helium Act of 1994
  April 19, 1994  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives

1993

• Energy and Petrochemicals in the North American Free Trade Agreement
  July 1993  pdf  
• Testimony on Proposed Changes to the Mining Law of 1872
  May 4, 1993  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Changes to the Mining Law of 1872
  May 4, 1993  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources, Development and Production, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Reforms of Mining Law of 1872
  March 16, 1993  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources, Development and Production, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Effects of Energy Taxes and Value-Added Taxes (VAT)
  February 24, 1993  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate

1992

• The Energy Policy Act of 1992: A Budgetary Perspective
  December 1992  html  pdf  
• A Review of the American Mining Congress Study on Changes to the Mining Law of 1872
  April 1992  html  pdf  

1991

• Economic Costs of Regulating Oil and Gas Wastes: A Review of the American Petroleum Institute's Study on RCRA Reauthorization
  November 1991  pdf  
  Staff Memorandum
• CAFE Incentives for the Sale of Alternative-Fuel Vehicles
  November 1991  html  pdf  
• Testimony on the Estimated Costs of the Waiver of Sovereign Immunity in H.R. 2194, the Federal Facilities Compliance Act of 1991
  June 6, 1991  pdf  
  Testimony before the Environmental Restoration Panel and the Department of Energy Defense Nuclear Facilities Panel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives
• Fuel Savings from Alternative Proposed Standards for Corporate Average Fuel Economy
  June 1991  pdf  
  Staff Memorandum
• Understanding the Volatility of Oil Prices during the Iraq-Kuwait Crisis
  January 1, 1991  pdf  
  Staff Memorandum

1990

• Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies
  December 1990  pdf  
• Clean Fuels for Conventional Vehicles: Implications of Proposed Standards
  September 1990  pdf  
• Carbon Charges as a Response to Global Warming: the Effects of Taxing Fossil Fuels
  August 1990  pdf  
• Implications for Commodity Markets of the Alternative Fuels Requirements Contained in the Senate's Proposed Amendments to the Clean Air Act
  July 1990  pdf  
• Testimony on the Budgetary Impact of S. 370, the "American Heritage Trust Act of 1989"
  April 25, 1990  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• The Size and Financing of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  April 1990  pdf  
• Testimony on the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  March 20, 1990  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate

1989

• The Role of Technology and Conservation in Controlling Acid Rain
  June 1989  pdf  

1988

• Testimony on Environmental Federalism
  September 14, 1988  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate
• Title II of S. 1894: Costs to the Electric Utility Industry
  March 1988  html  pdf  

1987

• Title II of the Proposed Senate Amendments to the Clean Air Act: A Preliminary Economic Analysis
  September 1987  html  pdf  
• Financing Municipal Water Supply Systems
  May 1987  html  pdf  
• Achieving Sulfur Dioxide Reduction Through Coal-Switching
  April 1987  html  pdf  

1986

• Curbing Acid Rain: Cost, Budget, and Coal-Market Effects
  June 1986  html  pdf  
• Oil Taxes and the Economy
  June 1986  html  pdf  
• The Budgetary and Economic Effects of Oil Taxes
  April 1986  html  pdf  
• The Cost Effects of Accelerating or Delaying Purchases for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  March 1986  html  pdf  
• The Economic and Budgetary Consequences of the Recent Oil Price Decline
  March 1986  html  pdf  
• Financial Condition of the U.S. Electric Utility Industry
  March 1986  html  pdf  

1985

• U.S. Uranium Enrichment: Options for a Competitive Program
  October 1985  pdf  
• Testimony on the Financial Condition of the Nation's Electric Utilities
  July 25, 1985  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Testimony on U.S. Uranium Enrichment
  June 19, 1985  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives
• Efficient Investments in Wastewater Treatment Plants
  June 1985  pdf  

1983

• Analysis of Oil and Gas Royalty Trusts
  December 1983  html  pdf  
• Natural Gas Price Decontrol: A Comparison of Two Bills
  November 1983  html  pdf  
• Uranium Enrichment: Investment Options for the Long Term
  October 1983  html  pdf  
• Comparative Analysis of Alternative Financing Plans for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project
  September 1983  html  pdf  
• Efficient Investments in Water Resources: Issues and Options
  August 1983  html  pdf  
• Strategic and Critical Nonfuel Minerals: Problems and Policy Alternatives
  August 1983  html  pdf  
• Current Cost-Sharing and Financing Policies for Federal and State Water Resources Development
  July 1983  html  pdf  
• A Review of the Shell Study of Natural Gas Decontrol
  June 1983  html  pdf  
• Understanding Natural Gas Price Decontrol
  April 1983  html  pdf  
• Possibility of a Strategic Alcohol Reserve as a Supplement to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  March 1983  html  pdf  
• Natural Gas Pricing Policies: Implications for the Federal Budget
  January 1983  html  pdf  

1982

• Promoting Efficiency in the Electric Utility Sector
  November 1982  html  pdf  
• Cobalt: Policy Options for a Strategic Mineral
  September 1982  html  pdf  
• Accelerating Oil Acquisition for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  May 1982  html  pdf  
• The Clean Air Act, the Electric Utilities, and the Coal Market
  April 1982  html  pdf  
• Oil Import Tariffs: Alternative Scenarios and Their Effects
  April 1982  html  pdf  
• The Steel Industry in Transition
  March 1982  html  pdf  
• Analysis of the Proposed Reorganization of the Department of Energy
  February 1982  html  pdf  
• Energy Use in Freight Transportation
  February 1982  html  pdf  

1981

• Managing Oil Disruptions: Issues and Policy Options
  September 1981  html  pdf  
• Testimony on Industrial Policy
  June 1, 1981  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
• Low-Income Energy Assistance: Issues and Options
  June 1981  html  pdf  
• Financing Options for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  April 1981  html  pdf  
• The Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  March 30, 1981  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Unites States Senate

1979

• Testimony on Recent Forecasts of World Oil Supply by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy
  October 17, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the Development of a Synthetic Fuel Industry in the United States
  September 6, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Synthetic Fuels Task Force, Committee on the Budget, United States Senate
• Testimony on the Role of Solar Energy in the Future Energy Programs of the United States
  July 30, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Housing and Community Development Subcommittee, Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the Development of a Synthetic Fuel Industry in the United States
  July 26, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee, United States Senate
• Testimony on the Development of a Synthetic Fuel Industry in the United States
  July 20, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Governmental Affairs Committee, United States Senate
• Testimony on President Carter's proposal to create an Energy Security Trust Fund
  July 17, 1979  html  pdf  
• Testimony on Developing a Capacity to Produce Synthetic Fuels in the United States
  June 22, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the Potential for Replacing Oil and Natural Gas with Coal
  May 29, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the President's Commission on Coal
• Testimony on the Administration's Proposals for the Phased Decontrol of Domestic Oil and a Windfall Profits Tax
  May 7, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Foundations of the Finance Committee, United States Senate
• Testimony on the President's Proposal for Phased Decontrol of Domestic Crude Oil Prices
  April 25, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy, Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress
• Testimony on the Economic Impact of the Curtailment of Iranian Oil Production
  February 28, 1979  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Federal Services Subcommittee, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate

1978

• Testimony on the Proposed Nuclear Siting and Licensing Act of 1978
  July 20, 1978  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the Proposed Nuclear Siting and Licensing Act of 1978
  June 28, 1978  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation, Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate
• Testimony on the Proposed Nuclear Siting and Licensing Act of 1978
  May 24, 1978  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives

1977

• Testimony on CBO's Report on the Potential Energy Savings of Urban Transportation
  October 5, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Committee on the Environment and Public Works, United States Senate
• Testimony on the Economic Outlook and the Possible Impact of New Initiatives in the Energy Area
  July 20, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on Future Automotive Fuel Economy
  July 12, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  June 29, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  June 14, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Task Force on Distributive Impact of Budget and Economy Policies, Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  June 7, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Ad Hoc Committee on Energy, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  June 6, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Ways and Means Committee, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  June 1, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  May 19, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Testimony on the President's Energy Proposals
  May 13, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Testimony on the Pricing of Alaskan North Slope Crude Oil
  May 9, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Regulation, United States Senate
• Background Paper: Nuclear Reprocessing and Proliferation: Alternative Approaches and their Implications for the Federal Budget
  May 1977  pdf  
• Testimony on the Relationship Between Oil Shale Technology and Issues Raised in Demonstration and Commercialization Programs
  April 1, 1977  html  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Natural Resources, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate
• Urban Mass Transportation: Options for Federal Assistance
  February 1977  pdf  
• Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and Commercialization
  January 1977  pdf  

1976

• Loan Guarantees for Synthetic Fuels
  May 24, 1976  pdf  
  Testimony before the Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization, Committee on Banking, Currency, and Housing, U.S. House of Representatives