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As defined by the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995, mandates generally require a nonfederal entity to take an action or comply with a prohibition. This primer describes the principles that CBO follows to identify mandates in legislation.
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CBO reviews hundreds of bills and public laws for intergovernmental and private-sector mandates each year and estimates whether the annual costs of those mandates would exceed thresholds established in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Data are available for calendar years 2013 through 2019, and new data are added periodically throughout the year.
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Sixteen laws enacted in 2014 contain intergovernmental mandates and 26 contain private-sector mandates. Of the 539 bills that CBO analyzed in 2014, 47 contained intergovernmental mandates and 75 contained private-sector mandates.
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In March, CBO testified before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions about the minimum wage. Some committee members submitted further questions for the record, and this document provides CBO's answers.
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Of the 437 bills CBO reviewed in 2013, 39 contained intergovernmental mandates and 53 contained private-sector mandates. Of the 72 public laws enacted in 2013, 3 contain intergovernmental mandates and 8 contain private-sector mandates.
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Director Doug Elmendorf testified on the effects of raising the minimum wage, noting that such an increase would boost family income for many low-wage workers but that some jobs for low-wage workers would probably be eliminated.
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Of the 428 bills CBO reviewed in 2012, 68 contained intergovernmental mandates and 80 contained private-sector mandates. Of the 202 public laws enacted, 16 contain intergovernmental mandates and 23 contain private-sector mandates.
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CBO analyzes pending federal legislation and enacted laws to identify private-sector mandates, which are enforceable duties imposed on entities in the private sector. About 12% of the laws enacted between 2001 and 2011 impose such mandates.
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A Review of CBO's Activities in 2011 Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
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Letter to the Honorable James Lankford